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#mushrooms

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Mycena inclinata

mushroomexpert.com/Mycena_incl

Ecology: Saprobic on the well decayed wood of hardwoods; usually growing in dense clusters (but sometimes growing alone or scattered); spring and fall (or over winter in warmer climates) widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains, and occasionally reported on the West Coast.

Cap: 1-5 cm; broadly conical, becoming broadly bell-shaped and usually retaining a central bump; vaguely lined or grooved radially; bald; tacky; the margin usually featuring tiny, fringe-like "teeth" when young, and in age often becoming somewhat tattered, or splitting; color variable (brown to yellowish brown, brownish or tan, but often developing yellow stains and areas); fading to dingy whitish with exposure to sunlight.

Gills: Narrowly attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; sometimes with well developed cross-gills when mature; whitish to pale grayish, sometimes becoming yellowish or pinkish in age; not bruising or staining.

Stem: 5-10 cm long; 2-4 mm thick; equal; hollow; bald or with tiny fibers and flakes, especially when young; whitish near the apex, yellowish to yellow in the midsection, and brown to reddish brown below.

Flesh: Insubstantial; pale.

Odor and Taste: Odor mealy to foul and mealy; taste mealy.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to brownish on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 5-7 ; amyloid; broadly elliptical; smooth. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia abundant; of the "broom cell" type, with rod-like projections and nodes. Pileipellis elements diverticulate, with short nodes and rod-like projections.

Pluteus aurantiorugosus

mushroomexpert.com/Pluteus_aur

Ecology: Saprobic on decaying hardwood logs and stumps; growing alone or in small groups; summer and fall; widely distributed in North America, but encountered more frequently east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Québec.

Cap: 2-5 cm; convex at first, becoming broadly convex to nearly flat, sometimes with a central bump; dry or moist; bald, or slightly granular; the margin not lined, or only faintly lined, at maturity; bright scarlet to orange when young, fading to orangish yellow in age.

Gills: Free from the stem; close or nearly crowded; short-gills frequent; whitish, becoming pinkish; often with yellowish edges.

Stem: 3-6 cm long; 0.5-1 cm thick; equal; finely hairy and fibrous; whitish to yellowish above, but flushed with the cap color below; basal mycelium white or yellowish.

Flesh: Pale yellowish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: Pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5.5-8 x 4-5 ; ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline and uniguttulate in KOH; inamyloid. Hymenial cystidia infrequent; widely lageniform; thin-walled; to 50 x 15 . Pileipellis a cystoderm with inflated terminal elements. Clamp connections absent.

Leccinum caespitosum

mushroomexpert.com/Leccinum_ca

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with conifers (especially hemlocks, Douglas-fir, spruces, and firs); growing alone or gregariously, usually partially submerged in the soil or completely underground; spring through fall; montane western North America, the Appalachian Mountains, and the European Alps.

Fruiting Body: 1.5-3 cm across; round or nearly so; outer surface whitish at first, bald or a little silky, bruising blue and eventually becoming brown overall; pseudostem present as a tiny, stublike extension; interior composed of oblong chambers that are initially whitish but turn dark brown with maturity; columella extending well into the interior from the pseudostem.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 18-22 x 13-15 m; oval, with a short appendage (a portion of the sterigmatum); widely longitudinally ribbed; reddish brown in KOH.

Boletus speciosus

mushroomexpert.com/Boletus_spe

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and other hardwoods; growing alone or scattered; summer and fall; rare; apparently widely distributed in eastern North America. The illustrated and described collection is from Illinois.

Cap: 3-4.5 cm across (see note below); convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; bald or very finely felty; bright red, fading only slightly, to brick red; bruising blue.

Pore Surface: Bright yellow, becoming olive yellow; bruising promptly blue; 2 pores per mm at maturity; tubes to about 1 cm deep.

Stem: 3-4 cm long; 1-2 cm thick (see note below); equal or with a swollen base; dry; solid; yellow above, red below; reticulate over the top half or overall; bruising promptly blue; basal mycelium dark red.

Flesh: Yellowish to yellow in the cap; red in the stem; staining quickly blue when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative to yellowish on cap; erasing blued areas on flesh. KOH grayish to blackish on cap surface; pale orange on flesh. Iron salts greenish olive on cap; negative on flesh.

Spore Print: Olive brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 13-17 x 3.5-5 ; smooth; long-fusiform; golden in KOH. Basidia 4-spored. Hymenial cystidia occasional; narrowly fusoid-ventricose. Pileipellis a tangled, collapsing trichoderm of brown to golden, smooth elements <NOBR>2.5-5 </NOBR> wide.

Morchella septentrionalis

mushroomexpert.com/Morchella_s

Ecology: Possibly saprobic and mycorrhizal at different points in its life cycle; appearing under hardwoods, including big-toothed aspen and white ash; usually growing near woody debris or growing directly from rotted hardwoods; May; north of about the 45th parallel from Michigan to New York.

Cap: 3-4.5 cm tall and 1.5-2.5 cm wide; conical, bluntly conical, or with a rounded apex; pitted and ridged, with the pits primarily arranged vertically; when young with finely velvety or nearly bald, flattened, tan to brown ridges and brownish pits; when mature with flattened to sharpened or eroded, black ridges and brown to yellowish brown pits; attached to the stem with a small groove (2-3 mm deep); hollow.

Stem: 2-3 cm high and 1-1.5 cm wide; equal, or with a slightly swollen base; whitish; finely mealy with granules; sometimes developing a few folds near the base; hollow.

Microscopic Features: Spores (19-)20-22(-25) x 11-15 ; smooth; elliptical; without oil droplets; contents homogeneous. Asci 8-spored. Paraphyses cylindric with variable apices; septate; hyaline in KOH. Elements on sterile ridges 75-175 x 7.5-25 ; septate; hyaline to brownish or brown in KOH; terminal cell cylindric, subclavate, clavate, widely fusiform, utriform, or occasionally irregular.

Pholiota squarrosa

mushroomexpert.com/Pholiota_sq

Ecology: Saprobic and possibly parasitic; growing in clusters on the wood of hardwoods or conifers; often found at the bases of living or dead trees; especially common on aspens and spruces in the Rocky Mountains; summer and fall; fairly widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 3-12 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or broadly bell-shaped; dry; yellowish underneath conspicuous buff to tawny scales.

Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; close or crowded; whitish to yellowish when young, becoming greenish yellow and eventually rusty brown; at first covered by a partial veil.

Stem: 4-12 cm long; up to 1.5 cm thick; dry; with an ephemeral ring or ring zone; yellowish, sometimes becoming brown to reddish brown from the base up; covered with conspicuous buff to tawny scales.

Flesh: Whitish to yellowish.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive or strongly of garlic; taste mild or somewhat unpleasant. The odor of my collections in Colorado is quite strong and quite distinctive--like a cross between garlic and lemon.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: Cinnamon brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-8 x 4-5 ; smooth; more or less elliptical; with an apical pore; reddish brown in KOH. Pleurocystidia clavate to clavate-mucronate or subfusiform; some with refractive contents in KOH; to 45 x 14 . Cheilocystidia subfusiform to fusoid-ventricose or clavate; to 43 x 15 . Pileipellis an interwoven layer of cylindric hyphae with clavate to fusoid-ventricose terminal elements. Clamp connections present.

REFERENCES: (Batsch) Kummer, 1871. (http://194.203.77.76/librifungorum/Image.asp?ItemID=21&ImageFileName=0243b.jpg" TARGET="new 1821; http://194.203.77.76/librifungorum/Image.asp?ItemID=33&ImageFileName=SyllogeFungorum5-749.jpg" TARGET="new 1887; Overholts, 1927; hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-" TARGET="new">Smith & Hesler, 1968; Farr, Miller & Farr, 1977; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1979; svims.ca/council/Pholio.htm" TARGET="new">Scates & Gospodnetich, 1981/2003; Arora, 1986; Jacobsson, 1989; States, 1990; Lincoff, 1992; Evenson, 1997; Barron, 1999; McNeil, 2006; Miller & Miller, 2006.) Herb. Kuo 08150718.

<B>Further Online Information:</B>

quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/" TARGET="new">Pholiota squarrosa in Smith & Hesler (1968)<BR>rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/Di" TARGET="new">Pholiota squarrosa at Roger's Mushrooms

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<IMG SRC="images/nadon/nadon_pholiota_squarrosa_01_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="253" BORDER="0" ALT="Pholiota squarrosa">

<IMG SRC="images/kuo3/pholiota_squarrosa_02_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="149" BORDER="0" ALT="Pholiota squarrosa">

<IMG SRC="images/kuo3/pholiota_squarrosa_03_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="149" BORDER="0" ALT="Pholiota squarrosa">

<P ALIGN="right"><IMG SRC="images/kuo3/pholiota_squarrosa_01_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="127" BORDER="0" ALT="Pholiota squarrosa">

<IMG SRC="images/kuo3/pholiota_squarrosa_04_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="212" BORDER="0" ALT="Pholiota squarrosa">

Otidea leporina

mushroomexpert.com/Otidea_lepo

Ecology: Saprobic, growing terrestrially in woods under hardwoods or conifers; often clustered, but occasionally growing alone or scattered; summer and fall (winter and spring in warmer areas); widely distributed in North America.

Fruiting Body: Rabbit-ear-shaped, spoon-shaped, or more or less cup-shaped, with a cleft down one side; up to 7 cm high and 4 cm across; inner surface pale brownish to yellowish brown; outer surface similarly colored or paler, very finely hairy; stem if present whitish, small, and rudimentary; odor not distinctive or fragrant; flesh brittle.

Microscopic Features: Spores 12-14 x 6-8 (8-11 x 5-6 in var. minor); smooth; elliptical; with two oil droplets. Asci eight-spored; up to 170 x 12 . Paraphyses narrow, with hooked or curved ends (see illustration).

Hebeloma hiemale

mushroomexpert.com/Hebeloma_hi

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with a wide range of hardwoods and conifers; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; spring, summer, and fall (also over winter in warm conditions); probably widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 2-8 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex, broadly bell-shaped, or nearly flat; sticky when very fresh; bald; buff to tan--often with pinkish shades.

Gills: Attached to the stem, often by a notch; close or nearly distant; creamy when young, becoming cinnamon brown to brown; often with droplets of liquid when fresh.

Stem: 3-8 cm long; up to 1.5 cm thick; more or less equal; silky to finely scaly near the apex; whitish.

Flesh: Whitish to grayish.

Odor and Taste: Odor radishlike, or not distinctive. Taste radishlike, with a bitter component.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: Brown to pinkish brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-13 x 5.5-7.5 ; almond-shaped; finely verrucose; occasionally with a loosening perispore; weakly dextrinoid. Cheilocystidia 35-65 x 5-8 ; abundant; clavate, subclavate, or cylindric above, with a somewhat constricted midportion and a ventricose (occasionally merely cylindric) basal portion; sometimes with somewhat thickened walls in the apex or in the constricted midportion. Pileipellis an ixocutis.

REFERENCES: Bres&#224;dola, 1892. (librifungorum.org/Image.asp?It" TARGET="new 1902; Kauffman, 1916; Vesterholt, 2005; pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscr" TARGET="new, 2010.) Herb. Kuo 05070703, 09220807.

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<IMG SRC="images/kuo/hebeloma_hiemale_01_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="147" BORDER="0" ALT="Hebeloma hiemale">

<IMG SRC="images/kuo/hebeloma_hiemale_02_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="136" BORDER="0" ALT="Hebeloma hiemale">

<IMG SRC="images/kuo/hebeloma_hiemale_03_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="234" BORDER="0" ALT="Hebeloma hiemale"><BR>Spores (KOH)

<IMG SRC="images/kuo/hebeloma_hiemale_04_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="260" BORDER="0" ALT="Hebeloma hiemale"><BR>Cheilocystidia

<IMG SRC="images/kuo/hebeloma_hiemale_05_thumb.jpg" WIDTH="198" HEIGHT="220" BORDER="0" ALT="Hebeloma hiemale"><BR>Cheilocystidia

Craterellus foetidus

mushroomexpert.com/Craterellus

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing gregariously or, more commonly, in fused clusters of 2-5 mushrooms; fairly widely distributed east of the Great Plains; late spring through early fall. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Fruiting Body: 4-10 cm tall; 3-7 cm wide; thin-fleshed; shaped like an inverted vase or trumpet; the upper edge rolled under when young, becoming wavy and irregular in age; without a clearly differentiated stem and cap.

Upper/Inner Surface: Color variable and dependent on conditions, but typically pale to dark watery gray (sometimes nearly white); finely, radially scaly with blackish appressed fibers and scales; the margin often blackening at maturity.

Under/Outer Surface: Bald toward the base, but veined or prominently wrinkled with gill-like folds and cross-veins for the upper 1/3 of the fruiting body; gray to lilac gray (sometimes nearly white); often developing a pinkish dusting, or cinnamon to brownish stains; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Thin; gray to grayish.

Odor and Taste: Odor strong and sweet in fresh, mature specimens; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Iron salts, ammonia, and KOH negative on all surfaces.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10.5 x 4-5.5 ; ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH, with ochraceous, semi-refractive contents. Basidia 4-sterigmate; 55-75 long. Hymenial cystidia not found. Elements of upper surface cylindric; septate; hyaline to brownish; 5-10 wide. Clamp connections absent.