Ham Radio Outside the Box<p><strong>Does an antenna top hat really work?</strong></p> Antenna “Top Hat” aka Capacitance Hat <p class="">There are several ways to shorten a vertical whip antenna, for example, a loading coil, linear loading (folding back all or part of the radiating element) and one that has intrigued me for quite a while – a capacitance hat, also known as a top hat.</p><p>A top hat (shown in this image) is a series of conductors erected horizontally, and connected to, the radiating element of a vertical whip antenna.</p><p>Top hats provide capacitance with respect to ground and are used for two main reasons:</p><ol><li>To shorten the required physical length of a vertical antenna</li><li>To raise the maximum current point higher up the antenna</li></ol><p>One significant disadvantage of using a top hat is that it adds weight to the top of the antenna. That may not be a problem for a fixed installation where a thick, rigid vertical element can be used. But for field expedient portable operations using, for example, a telescoping whip it can be a very bad idea indeed. Let me explain why.</p><p>I recently purchased a top hat designed for a PAC-12 antenna from AliExpress. I attached it to the top of my 18.5ft whip obtained from the same source. The top of the whip waved around in the air and clearly was not going to be a practical arrangement. These Chinese whips are made much lighter than similar products from other sources (e.g. MFJ-1979 which I also own) and consequently are not as strong. To be fair, the manufacturer would probably advise against abusing their lightweight whips in the manner of my little experiment. I guess I overstressed the thin top sections of the whip which subsequently parted company from the lower sections. I attempted a repair which wasn’t successful, so I am now the owner of a shorter whip which may see service in a future antenna experiment.</p> AliExpress top hat for a PAC-12 antenna. NB: I drilled a through hole in the hub to fit it on my tactical whip. <p>I own another whip – a “tactical”, military style whip that is 9.5ft long. It is made from several sections of fairly rigid tube held together by shock cord. Although the sections taper toward the top, the uppermost section is still quite strong. When the top hat was attached to this whip, the whip bowed very slightly but appeared to be quite able to support the weight.</p> “Tactical” 9.5ft military style whip <p>The AliExpress top hat arrived in a surprisingly small package. It comprises a central hub secured to the whip by a small hex screw and four tiny telescoping whips that expand to 12 inches long. When fully assembled the top hat has a diameter of about 24 inches.</p><p><strong>How did it perform?</strong></p><p>I was a little skeptical about this arrangement. Could a small capacitance hat compensate for the short (9.5 feet) length of my whip on the 20m band? It was a shot in the dark and the short answer is no it could not. But that isn’t to say the top hat totally failed in its mission. In fact, it did make a difference as will be explained in a minute.</p><p>A small top hat alone cannot easily compensate for a very short antenna. There are ways to improve the top hat – such as adding a perimeter wire linking the tips of all the horizontal conductors, or even making the horizontal conductors longer. For rapid deployment in the field the perimeter wire is tricky to implement. The stock AliExpress top hat can be assembled and installed in about a minute; adding a perimeter wire makes the assembly more complicated – especially when backpacking the whole station into the bush.</p><p>Making the top hat’s horizontal conductors longer introduces another complication. These conductors carry a very small current; if they are made much longer the current will increase (e.g. as in a Marconi T-Antenna) and they will radiate.</p><p>A much simpler, but less efficient, idea is to combine the top hat with a loading coil, and that is the route I took. I revived an old ham-made adjustable loading coil I had built for another project a few years ago. The loading coil had to be placed at the bottom of the whip for mechanical stability. Since this is also the maximum current point the coil will introduce i^2R loss, but compromises have to be made.</p> VA3KOT’s trail-hardened FT-891 rig with ham-made adjustable loading coil and 9.5ft top-hat loaded whip <p>The end result was a base loaded 9.5ft whip with a 24-inch capacitance hat at the top of the whip. The adjustable coil enabled the antenna to work on 20m, 30m and 40m by simply adjusting the coil slider. Four 13ft radials were laid orthogonally on the ground at the base of the whip as a counterpoise.</p><p><strong>Step One</strong></p><p>First, the top hat was left to one side and the coil slider was adjusted to find a match on each of the three bands of interest. I used my RigExpert antenna analyzer to measure the results, then when a match on each band was found, my trail-hardened Yaesu FT-891 was deployed and verified the results.</p><p><strong>Step Two</strong></p><p>The top hat was then installed and the tests repeated. Now the coil setting for each band was quite significantly different. The required inductance was reduced which means the i^2R loss was also reduced – that was encouraging. So the shortening effect of the top hat was verified, but what about the point of maximum current; was that raised too?</p><p>I attempted to model the antenna using EZNEC. I have to admit that I have only a very limited knowledge of antenna modeling, so I cheated a little. I modeled a full-size quarter-wave whip for 20m and looked at the antenna currents. Then I added the top hat to the model and looked at the antenna currents again. Would the top hat raise the maximum current sufficiently to get it above the loading coil and thereby reduce losses in the coil? The following chart shows the results.</p> <p><strong>Bingo! (but no big prize)</strong></p><p>As we can see by looking at the chart, the top hat does indeed raise the maximum current point. The model divided the whip into 50 segments and the current maximum is raised from segment 1 with no top hat, to segment 10 with a top hat. That means the point of maximum radiated energy is raised to a point 20% up from the bottom of the whip. Hallelujah.</p><p>But just a cotton-pickin’ minute, the actual maximum current changes very little between the first and tenth segment so did we actually achieve anything useful? Well yes we did actually. If we look at segment 50 on the chart we can see that without the top hat the current drops to zero at the top of the whip. On the other hand, with the top hat installed, there is still significant RF current all the way up the whip – so the entire whip is contributing to radiation!</p><p><strong>Did the maximum current point clear the loading coil?</strong></p><p>I won’t win a Nobel prize for this bit of non-science, but here is my analysis. If the whip is 9.5ft long, the loading coil is compensating for most of the other 7.5ft of a nominal 17ft whip. 20% of 17ft is 3.4ft so that falls well within the loading coil. Hence no, the current maximum will still be in the loading coil. If any reader can convert the above into real science I would welcome your input.</p><p>This was interesting experiment and convinced me that top hats really do improve a vertical whip antenna. Will this arrangement actually be used in my field portable operations? Yes, for sure; the top hat has the effect of “decompromising” (to some extent) a compromise antenna. When the prime mission is to carry a rapid deployment, field expedient portable antenna into the bush, remote from roads and parking lots, this antenna has earned in its place in my backpack.</p> <p><strong>Help support <em>HamRadioOutsidetheBox</em></strong></p><p class="">No “tip-jar”, “buy me a coffee”, Patreon, or Amazon links here. I enjoy my hobby and I enjoy writing about it. If you would like to support this blog please <strong>follow/<em>subscribe</em></strong> using the link at the bottom of my <a href="https://hamradiooutsidethebox.wordpress.com" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">home page</a>, or <strong><em>like</em></strong>, <strong><em>comment</em></strong> (links at the bottom of each post), <strong><em>repost</em></strong> or <strong><em>share</em></strong> links to my posts on social media. 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